{"id":3239,"date":"2016-11-28T17:15:03","date_gmt":"2016-11-29T00:15:03","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/abclegaldocs.com\/blog-Colorado-Notary\/?p=3239"},"modified":"2019-10-12T20:26:25","modified_gmt":"2019-10-13T02:26:25","slug":"notary-school-of-bologna-renaissance-italy-1228","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.abclegaldocs.com\/blog-Colorado-Notary\/notary-school-of-bologna-renaissance-italy-1228\/","title":{"rendered":"Notary School of Bologna, Renaissance Italy, 1228"},"content":{"rendered":"

\"Notary<\/a>Notary School of Bologna, Renaissance Italy, 1228<\/h1>\n

In 1228 AD, before the Renaissance<\/strong> began, the Notary School of Bologna<\/strong>, Scuola di Notariato<\/em>,\u00a0started in Bologna, in northern Italy. The school\u00a0developed and refined notarial law<\/strong> and practice, and inspired a renewed study of ancient Roman law<\/strong><\/a><\/span>.<\/p>\n

The Bologna “Studium” was founded by students, and for students, in 1088 AD. It is the oldest university<\/strong> in the Western world.\u00a0The fame of the Studium spread throughout Europe.<\/p>\n

Many scholars came to study at the Notary School of Bologna including Thomas Beckett<\/strong>, the Archbishop of Canterbury, Nicolaus Copernicus<\/strong>, Renaissance mathematician and astronomer, and Guglielmo Marconi<\/strong>, the developer of wireless radio telegraphy.<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

<\/span>Irnerius, Legal Scholar<\/span><\/h2>\n

At the end of the 11th century, masters of grammar, rhetoric and logic began to apply themselves to teaching law<\/strong> in Bologna. The earliest recorded legal scholar was a man named Irnerius<\/strong>.\u00a0<\/strong>His activities, cataloging the Roman legal materials, soon ran beyond the boundaries of Bologna.<\/p>\n

His Formularium Tabellionum<\/em> was a directory for notaries. At the Notary School of Bologna, he taught the newly recovered Roman law code of Eastern Roman Emperor Justinian<\/strong> I in Constantinople<\/strong>, issued from 529 to 534 AD, known as the Corpus Juris Civilis<\/strong><\/a><\/span>, Codex Justinianus, or the Code of Justinian<\/strong><\/a><\/span>.<\/p>\n

<\/span>Notaries in Medieval Europe<\/span><\/h2>\n

The Notary School<\/strong> of Bologna emphasized\u00a0the legal and technical qualifications of\u00a0the notary. It\u00a0drew up procedures\u00a0for\u00a0the preparation of notarial acts in a correct\u00a0form of law. From the notarial studies in\u00a0Bologna during that era, the\u00a0concept of the notary as a qualified jurist arose. The school led to\u00a0the expansion of\u00a0the notarial system<\/strong> throughout medieval Europe<\/strong>.<\/p>\n

During\u00a0the Renaissance, notaries became less connected\u00a0to the courts<\/strong>. The independent acts, with a notary\u00a0seal,<\/strong>\u00a0gained\u00a0public trust<\/strong> in their own right.\u00a0The\u00a0laws for\u00a0executing\u00a0legal instruments became so technical that European courts relinquished\u00a0power\u00a0for authenticating documents\u00a0to highly trained notaries.<\/p>\n

In 330 AD, Emperor Constantine<\/strong> moved the capital of the Roman Empire to Constantinople<\/strong>, now modern-day Istanbul, Turkey, which he founded as a second Rome on the site of Byzantium<\/strong>. After the fall of the Western Roman Empire<\/strong> to barbarians in 476 AD, the\u00a0Byzantine Empire<\/strong> or\u00a0Eastern Roman Empire<\/strong>\u00a0continued the traditions of Roman law<\/strong> until defeated\u00a0by an invading Islamic army of the Ottoman Empire<\/strong> in 1453 AD.<\/p>\n

During\u00a0the Middle Ages<\/strong>, the conquered provinces of the former\u00a0Western Roman\u00a0Empire<\/strong> integrated Roman\u00a0law<\/strong> into their civil institutions.\u00a0In the lands that became\u00a0modern-day Spain, France, Germany and the other nations of Western\u00a0Europe, notary practices were widely adopted.<\/p>\n

Notaries had to complete training and pass an exam, and were often registrars<\/strong> at district courts, recording proceedings. They\u00a0attached\u00a0the court seal<\/strong> on deeds and other documents to make\u00a0them public and\u00a0authentic acts. These palatine notaries<\/strong> were\u00a0appointed by the local count palatine<\/strong>, who also appointed judges.<\/p>\n

<\/span>Notary Investiture Ceremony<\/span><\/h2>\n

In a ritual similar to appointing a knight<\/strong><\/a><\/span>, rather than using a sword, the count palatine appointed notaries in a “pen and inkwell<\/strong>” (Latin: cum penna et calamario) ceremony, the symbol of the evangelist\u00a0St.<\/strong>\u00a0Matthew<\/strong>, and administered an oath<\/strong><\/a><\/span>, sworn on the Bible<\/strong>.<\/p>\n

One record of the notary oath<\/strong>\u00a0reads:<\/p>\n

“I swear by the Holy Gospel<\/strong> that I will perform the duties of a notary justly, clearly, faithfully and lawfully. I will not draw up false papers or false documents; I will not falsify old instruments or exchange individual phrases. I will do no harm to the rights of churches, hospices, orphans, widows and other wretched persons but instead, protect and defend them within my power. <\/em><\/p>\n

I swear loyalty to the Holy Empire<\/strong>, to the Palatine Count<\/strong>, and to everyone in his entourage. If it comes to my attention that anyone has opposed the Palatine Count or attempted to take away his jurisdiction, I commit myself to defend him with all my power and inform him about this either in writing or orally.\u201d<\/em><\/p>\n

The count palatine then symbolically gave a light slap (alapa), representing authority and the hand of God, to the humbly kneeling notary, and handed him the pen and inkwell, signifying a transmission of authority from the King or Emperor. Then they exchanged\u00a0a kiss of peace<\/strong>,\u00a0to seal the contract.<\/p>\n

The investiture was announced by\u00a0the town\u00a0crier in the town\u00a0square. The notary would be received at a dinner of notaries, and be enrolled in their art.<\/p>\n

<\/span>Notary\u00a0Deed of Authority<\/span><\/h2>\n

The new notary received a deed of authority<\/strong> from the\u00a0notary recording the event, registered his personal signum<\/strong>, (sign, mark, or\u00a0seal) and adopted the formal title ser<\/strong> or sir<\/strong>.<\/p>\n

One deed of authority of an imperial notary investiture reads:<\/p>\n

From the Count Palatine, to all who see this public record,
\n[notary name, of town name] has asked us to grant him this office, having sworn fealty to the Holy Roman Church and Empire<\/strong>, and to duly perform his office, in virtue of the power given to us and our ancestors by the Sainted Emperors, we invested him with the pen, reed and parchment, which we held in our hands, and gave him the kiss of peace.
\n<\/em><\/p>\n

Granting him the power to make instruments, acts, protocols, and to make copies of, and publish letters, receive and examine witnesses, publish their evidence, make wills and codicils, to take admissions of contracts and all other writings, to take down decrees of judges and arbitrators, and enter appeals in court or out of court, with powers of appointing guardians, and maintenance, of taking emancipations, manumissions and adoptions, and exercising the office of Ordinary, and of performing the said office of Notary throughout the world.
\n[made by notary name, of town name] <\/em>(usually written by the new notary’s teacher)<\/p>\n

Once the new notary’s name was inscribed in\u00a0a register\u00a0of notaries\u00a0(Matricola), he was able to begin practicing.<\/p>\n

There were city notaries with local authority, and imperial\u00a0notaries<\/strong>,\u00a0appointed by emperors<\/strong>, and papal notaries<\/strong> appointed by the Pope<\/strong> in Rome, with\u00a0no\u00a0territorial restrictions on their authority.<\/p>\n

<\/span>John of Bologna<\/span><\/h2>\n

John of Bologna<\/strong>, a notary of the papal curia, was brought to England by John Pecham<\/strong>, Archbishop of Canterbury.<\/strong>\u00a0In 1289, he completed a Summa Notarie<\/em><\/strong>\u00a0handbook for\u00a0notaries in ecclesiastical courts. Its purpose\u00a0was to instruct them, so the practices of the Roman curia in judicial processes could be imitated in the court of Canterbury.<\/p>\n

\"University<\/a>University of Bologna Notary Training<\/h2>\n

Today, the University of Bologna has over 80,000 students and continues to offer legal and notary training.<\/p>\n

Current notarial studies include:<\/p>\n

Civil Law I (Personal, Successions)
\nCivil Law II (Property, Rights in Rem, Family Law)
\nCivil Law III (Obligations and Contracts, Real Estate Advertising)
\nCivil Procedure Law (Voluntary Jurisdiction)
\nCommercial Law I (Business and Company Law)
\nCommercial Law II (Credit Securities)
\nCommercial Law III (Company Law)
\nAdministrative Law (Town Planning and Public Residential Building)
\nNotarial Legislation and Code of Conduct, and
\nTax Law.<\/p>\n

The Notary School of Bologna<\/strong> had a lasting effect on preserving and teaching Roman law and spreading notary law across Europe, and eventually to overseas colonies.<\/p>\n

Image Credits<\/strong>:
\n1. University of Bologna Seal,\u00a0vectorized by User: Nandhp [Public domain], via Wikimedia Commons
\n2.\u00a0University of Bologna library<\/p>\n

Visit our website for Colorado Springs Mobile Notary<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0services or Colorado Notary Training<\/a>\u00a0<\/strong>classes.<\/p>\n

[Last-Modified Date 2017-10-02] added new image, Byzantine Empire info<\/p>\n

\u00a9 Copyright 2016\u00a0 ABC Legal Docs, LLC\u00a0 All rights reserved.\u00a0 Do not copy.\u00a0 Citations welcome.\u00a0 Terms of Use apply.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Notary School of Bologna, Renaissance Italy, 1228 In 1228 AD, before the Renaissance began, the Notary School of Bologna, Scuola di Notariato,\u00a0started in Bologna, in northern Italy. The school\u00a0developed and refined notarial law and practice, and inspired a renewed study of ancient Roman law. The Bologna “Studium” was founded by students, and for students, in 1088 AD. It is the oldest university in the Western world.\u00a0The fame of the Studium spread throughout Europe. Many scholars came to study at the Notary School of Bologna including Thomas Beckett, the Archbishop of Canterbury, Nicolaus Copernicus, Renaissance mathematician and astronomer, and Guglielmo Marconi, <\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":4757,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_active":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_note":"","_monsterinsights_sitenote_category":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[920],"tags":[2527,2175,2528,2177,2174,2173,2176,2172,2168,412,2178,870,2170,869,743,2171,2169],"class_list":["post-3239","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-notary-history","tag-byzantine-empire","tag-code-of-justinian","tag-constantine","tag-imperial-notary","tag-irnerius","tag-marconi","tag-medieval-europe","tag-nicolaus-copernicus","tag-notary-school-of-bologna","tag-notary-seal","tag-papal-notary","tag-pope","tag-renaissance","tag-roman-empire","tag-roman-law","tag-thomas-beckett","tag-university","has_thumb"],"yoast_head":"\nNotary School of Bologna, Renaissance Italy, 1228 - 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