{"id":4804,"date":"2018-04-03T07:39:16","date_gmt":"2018-04-03T13:39:16","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/abclegaldocs.com\/blog-Colorado-Notary\/?p=4804"},"modified":"2025-12-03T17:09:24","modified_gmt":"2025-12-04T00:09:24","slug":"code-of-justinian-byzantine-emperor-527-565-ad","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.abclegaldocs.com\/blog-Colorado-Notary\/code-of-justinian-byzantine-emperor-527-565-ad\/","title":{"rendered":"Code of Justinian, Byzantine Emperor 527-565 AD"},"content":{"rendered":"<div id=\"ez-toc-container\" class=\"ez-toc-v2_0_87 counter-hierarchy ez-toc-counter ez-toc-transparent ez-toc-container-direction\">\n<div class=\"ez-toc-title-container\">\n<p class=\"ez-toc-title\" style=\"cursor:inherit\">Table of Contents<\/p>\n<span class=\"ez-toc-title-toggle\"><\/span><\/div>\n<nav><ul class='ez-toc-list ez-toc-list-level-1 ' ><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-1'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-1\" href=\"https:\/\/www.abclegaldocs.com\/blog-Colorado-Notary\/code-of-justinian-byzantine-emperor-527-565-ad\/#Code_of_Justinian_Byzantine_Emperor_527-565_AD\" >Code of Justinian, Byzantine Emperor 527-565 AD<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-2' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-2\" href=\"https:\/\/www.abclegaldocs.com\/blog-Colorado-Notary\/code-of-justinian-byzantine-emperor-527-565-ad\/#Roman_Notarius_or_Notary\" >Roman Notarius or Notary<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-3\" href=\"https:\/\/www.abclegaldocs.com\/blog-Colorado-Notary\/code-of-justinian-byzantine-emperor-527-565-ad\/#Execution_of_Wills\" >Execution of Wills<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-4\" href=\"https:\/\/www.abclegaldocs.com\/blog-Colorado-Notary\/code-of-justinian-byzantine-emperor-527-565-ad\/#Reckless_Litigation\" >Reckless Litigation<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-5\" href=\"https:\/\/www.abclegaldocs.com\/blog-Colorado-Notary\/code-of-justinian-byzantine-emperor-527-565-ad\/#Purchase_and_Sale_Agreement\" >Purchase and Sale Agreement<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-6\" href=\"https:\/\/www.abclegaldocs.com\/blog-Colorado-Notary\/code-of-justinian-byzantine-emperor-527-565-ad\/#Novel_44_Notaries\" >Novel 44, Notaries<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-7\" href=\"https:\/\/www.abclegaldocs.com\/blog-Colorado-Notary\/code-of-justinian-byzantine-emperor-527-565-ad\/#Novel_47_Emperors_Name_and_Date_Required_on_Documents\" >Novel 47, Emperor&#8217;s Name and Date Required on Documents<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-8\" href=\"https:\/\/www.abclegaldocs.com\/blog-Colorado-Notary\/code-of-justinian-byzantine-emperor-527-565-ad\/#England_Maintained_a_Common_Law_Legal_System\" >England Maintained a Common Law Legal System<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul><\/nav><\/div>\n<h1 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Code_of_Justinian_Byzantine_Emperor_527-565_AD\"><\/span><img decoding=\"async\"  class=\"alignleft wp-image-5657 size-full\" src=\"data:image\/gif,GIF89a%01%00%01%00%80%00%00%00%00%00%FF%FF%FF%21%F9%04%01%00%00%00%00%2C%00%00%00%00%01%00%01%00%00%02%01D%00%3B\" data-layzr=\"https:\/\/abclegaldocs.com\/blog-Colorado-Notary\/wp-content\/uploads\/Code-of-Justinian-Byzantine-Emperor-320x200.jpg\" alt=\"Code of Justinian Byzantine Emperor\" width=\"320\" height=\"200\" \/>Code of Justinian, Byzantine Emperor 527-565 AD<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h1>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">The <strong>Code of Justinian<\/strong> had four components. The <strong>Digest<\/strong>\u00a0(533 AD), published in 50 books, summarized Roman opinions about laws and justice. The <strong>Code<\/strong> (534 AD), containing 12 books, outlined 5,000 actual laws of the Roman Empire, citing imperial constitutions, legislation and pronouncements. The <strong>Institutes<\/strong> (535 AD) were a smaller work that summarized the Digest, used as a textbook for law students.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">The <strong>Novellae<\/strong> (New Laws), were not a part of Justinian&#8217;s project, but were created by legal scholars in 556 AD to update the Code with new laws created after 534 AD and summarize Justinian&#8217;s constitution.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Emperor Caesar Flavius Justinian, ruled in the eastern (Byzantine) <strong>Roman Empire<\/strong> at <strong>Constantinople<\/strong>, 527-565 AD.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">The Code of Justinian was largely forgotten for several centuries after the fall of the Western Empire in Rome. A revival began at the University of Bologna when surviving manuscripts were rediscovered and compiled\u00a0into new editions, given the name <strong>Corpus Juris Civilis<\/strong> (body of civil law).<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><!--more--><\/p>\n<h2 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Roman_Notarius_or_Notary\"><\/span>Roman Notarius or Notary<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">During the early <span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.abclegaldocs.com\/blog-Colorado-Notary\/roman-law-influence-on-notaries\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>Roman Empire<\/strong><\/a><\/span>, special agents or officers evolved with authority to write and store recordings of documents and transactions of parties. This Roman officer was called a tabellio, tabularius or <strong>notarius<\/strong>. Chief duties were the preparation of <strong>legal documents<\/strong>, complaints for lawsuits and the drafting of <strong>wills<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">The Digest and Code of Justinian revealed to <strong>medieval Europe<\/strong> the practice and procedures for using special agents, <strong>notaries<\/strong>, to prepare legal documents.\u00a0Under the reign of Justinian, notaries were formed into a corporate body, or college, and wrote many authentic transcripts of the Code of Justinian.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">The Code of Justinian has been translated from Latin and Greek into English. Some excerpts are shown below.<\/p>\n<h2 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Execution_of_Wills\"><\/span><img decoding=\"async\"  class=\"size-medium wp-image-5660 alignleft\" src=\"data:image\/gif,GIF89a%01%00%01%00%80%00%00%00%00%00%FF%FF%FF%21%F9%04%01%00%00%00%00%2C%00%00%00%00%01%00%01%00%00%02%01D%00%3B\" data-layzr=\"https:\/\/abclegaldocs.com\/blog-Colorado-Notary\/wp-content\/uploads\/Code-of-Justinian-Corpus-Juris-Civilis-140x200-105x150.jpg\" alt=\"Code of Justinian Corpus Juris Civilis\" width=\"105\" height=\"150\" \/>Execution of Wills<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><em>Institutes, Title X. Of the Execution of <strong>Wills<\/strong>.\u00a0<\/em>The <strong>testator<\/strong> and <strong>seven witnesses<\/strong> sign their names\u2014a new formality imposed by imperial legislation\u2014and affix their <strong>seals<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<h2 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Reckless_Litigation\"><\/span>Reckless Litigation<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><em>Institutes, Title XVI. Of the Penalties for <strong>Reckless Litigation<\/strong>. <\/em>The <strong>oath<\/strong> has to be taken by every <strong>defendant<\/strong>, who is not permitted even to state his defense until he swears that he resists the plaintiff&#8217;s claim because he believes that his cause is a good one.<em>\u00a0<\/em>The\u00a0<strong>plaintiff<\/strong>, also under our <strong>constitution<\/strong>, is obliged to swear on oath that his action is commenced in <strong>good faith<\/strong>. Similar oaths have to be taken by the <strong>advocates<\/strong> of both parties.<\/p>\n<h2 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Purchase_and_Sale_Agreement\"><\/span>Purchase and Sale Agreement<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><em>Institutes, Title XXIII. Of <strong>Purchase<\/strong> and <strong>Sale<\/strong>. <\/em>No sale effected by an <strong>agreement<\/strong> in writing shall be good or binding, unless that agreement is written by the contracting parties themselves, or, if written by someone else, is at least signed by them, or finally, if written by a <strong>notary<\/strong>, is duly drawn by him and executed by the parties.<\/p>\n<h2 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Novel_44_Notaries\"><\/span>Novel 44, Notaries<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">All notaries who hold such office shall personally draw the document and be present at its <strong>execution<\/strong>, particularly when the parties are unable to read and write and may deny the truth of the matter. The notary may not delegate his duty to another person, and, through such sloth and ease, destroy the fortunes of others.\u00a0\u00a0Nor shall the notaries complain that their income is diminished due to the slowness of the hiring parties. It is better to draw a few documents well, than many badly.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Notaries shall not make the final draft of a document on\u00a0any paper other than that which has in front what is called a <strong>protocol<\/strong>, containing\u00a0the name of the officiating glorious Count of the Imperial <strong>Exchequer<\/strong>, the time when\u00a0the document was drawn and other things usually contained thereon; nor shall the\u00a0protocol be cut off, but bound with the paper; for we know that many documents\u00a0written on such papers have in the past been and are now being proven to have\u00a0been <strong>forged<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<h2 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Novel_47_Emperors_Name_and_Date_Required_on_Documents\"><\/span>Novel 47, Emperor&#8217;s Name and Date Required on Documents<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">The name of the <strong>emperor<\/strong> is required to appear on documents and records, the year of his <strong>reign<\/strong>, the consulship, the tax year, and the date and month. For example, \u201cIn the eleventh year of the reign of Justinian, most holy Augustus and\u00a0emperor, in the second year after the consulship of the honorable Flavius\u00a0Belisaricus, in the month of ____ the ____ day.&#8221;<\/p>\n<h2 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"England_Maintained_a_Common_Law_Legal_System\"><\/span><img decoding=\"async\"  class=\"size-medium wp-image-5661 alignleft\" src=\"data:image\/gif,GIF89a%01%00%01%00%80%00%00%00%00%00%FF%FF%FF%21%F9%04%01%00%00%00%00%2C%00%00%00%00%01%00%01%00%00%02%01D%00%3B\" data-layzr=\"https:\/\/abclegaldocs.com\/blog-Colorado-Notary\/wp-content\/uploads\/King-Henry-II-Cassell-England-120x150-120x150.jpg\" alt=\"King Henry II Cassell England\" width=\"120\" height=\"150\" \/>England Maintained a Common Law Legal System<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">During the 13th century, Roman\u00a0Law spread throughout the\u00a0legal systems of continental\u00a0<strong>Europe<\/strong>. But <strong>England<\/strong> never adopted <strong>Roman\u00a0Law<\/strong>.\u00a0<strong>Henry II<\/strong>\u00a0(Plantagenet) became King of England\u00a0in 1154. He inherited a legal system made\u00a0up of Germanic and feudal elements fused by royal judges into <span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.abclegaldocs.com\/blog-Colorado-Notary\/english-common-law-notaries\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>English Common Law<\/strong><\/a><\/span>.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Before the <span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.abclegaldocs.com\/blog-Colorado-Notary\/notary-school-of-bologna-renaissance-italy-1228\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>Notary School of Bologna<\/strong><\/a><\/span> in 1228 and other Italian law schools\u00a0began turning out graduates, there were few trained legal <strong>administrators<\/strong>. England used\u00a0<strong>shire courts<\/strong>,\u00a0refined from the early \u201cHundred Courts\u201d.\u00a0Itinerant, unpaid <strong>judges<\/strong> presided during\u00a0assizes and\u00a0collected fines for the Crown.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">King Henry II decided against replacing the Common\u00a0Law with the Civil Law principles and\u00a0institutions based on the Code of Justinian operating across the European\u00a0Continent. Common Law was already in place, popular, and cheap to implement.\u00a0While\u00a0the Code of Justinian stated \u201cThe will of the\u00a0Emperor has the force of law,\u201d in the Common Law\u00a0the law resides\u00a0both in the legislative power of the king and the community.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Countries that were former colonies of Spain, France, Portugal, and the Netherlands, follow the <strong>Roman civil law<\/strong> legal system. In the <strong>United States<\/strong>, laws are based on English common law, except for civil law in\u00a0<span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.abclegaldocs.com\/blog-Colorado-Notary\/louisiana-notary-powers\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>Louisiana<\/strong><\/a><\/span> and <strong>Puerto Rico<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>Reference<\/strong><br \/>\n1. <strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.gutenberg.org\/files\/5983\/5983-h\/5983-h.htm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">The Institutes of Justinian<\/span><\/a><\/strong>, English translation by J.B. Moyle, 1913, Project Gutenburg,\u00a0[EBook #5983],\u00a0Release Date: April 11, 2009,\u00a0Last Updated: February 6, 2013<br \/>\n2. <span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.uwyo.edu\/lawlib\/blume-justinian\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Annotated Justinian Code<\/a><\/strong><\/span>,\u00a0English translation by Wyoming Supreme Court Justice Fred H. Blume, University of Wyoming Law Library<br \/>\n3. <strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.uwyo.edu\/lawlib\/blume-justinian\/ajc-edition-2\/novels\/41-60\/novel%2044_replacement.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">Novel 44, Notaries<\/span><\/a><\/strong>, English translation by Wyoming Supreme Court Justice Fred H. Blume, University of Wyoming Law Library<br \/>\n4.\u00a0<span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.uwyo.edu\/lawlib\/blume-justinian\/ajc-edition-2\/novels\/41-60\/novel%2047_replacement.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Novel 47, Emperor&#8217;s Name Required<\/a><\/strong><\/span>, English translation by Wyoming Supreme Court Justice Fred H. Blume, University of Wyoming Law Library<br \/>\n5. <span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.uwyo.edu\/lawlib\/justinian-novels\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Justinian Novels<\/a><\/strong><\/span>, English translation by Wyoming Supreme Court Justice Fred H. Blume, University of Wyoming Law Library<br \/>\n6. <em>The Lion In Winter<\/em>, movie, 1968, starring Peter O&#8217;Toole as King Henry II.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>Image Credits<\/strong><br \/>\n1. Emperor Justinian, photo of mosaic, by Petar Milo\u0161evi\u0107 (Own work) [CC BY-SA 4.0], via Wikimedia Commons<br \/>\n2.\u00a0Corpus Juris Civilis, [public domain in the United States, published before 1923],\u00a0via Wikimedia Commons<br \/>\n3. King Henry II,\u00a0image from Cassell&#8217;s History of England, published circa 1902,\u00a0[public domain in the United States, published before 1923],\u00a0via Wikimedia Commons<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Visit our website for\u00a0<strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.abclegaldocs.com\/blog-Colorado-Notary\/mobile-notary\/\" data-slimstat-async=\"false\" data-slimstat-callback=\"false\" data-slimstat-tracking=\"false\" data-slimstat-type=\"2\" data-slimstat-clicked=\"false\">Colorado Springs Mobile Notary<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0services or\u00a0<strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.abclegaldocs.com\/blog-Colorado-Notary\/colorado-notary-training\/\" data-slimstat-async=\"false\" data-slimstat-callback=\"false\" data-slimstat-tracking=\"false\" data-slimstat-type=\"2\" data-slimstat-clicked=\"false\">Colorado Notary Training<\/a>\u00a0<\/strong>classes.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u00a9 Copyright 2018\u00a0 ABC Legal Docs, LLC\u00a0 All rights reserved.\u00a0 Do not copy.\u00a0 Citations welcome.\u00a0 Terms of Use apply.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Code of Justinian, Byzantine Emperor 527-565 AD The Code of Justinian had four components. The Digest\u00a0(533 AD), published in 50 books, summarized Roman opinions about laws and justice. The Code (534 AD), containing 12 books, outlined 5,000 actual laws of the Roman Empire, citing imperial constitutions, legislation and pronouncements. The Institutes (535 AD) were a smaller work that summarized the Digest, used as a textbook for law students. The Novellae (New Laws), were not a part of Justinian&#8217;s project, but were created by legal scholars in 556 AD to update the Code with new laws created after 534 AD and <\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":5657,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"_jetpack_feature_clip_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":"","jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false},"categories":[920,12],"tags":[1894,2672,747,2175,484,2533,2675,2673,485,2678,490,2176,868,5,2676,48,2677,869,743,2679,238,21,22],"class_list":["post-4804","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-notary-history","category-notary-law","tag-bologna","tag-byzantine","tag-civil-law","tag-code-of-justinian","tag-common-law","tag-constantinople","tag-corpus-juris-civilis","tag-emperor","tag-england","tag-king-henry-ii","tag-louisiana","tag-medieval-europe","tag-notarius","tag-notary","tag-novellae","tag-oath","tag-protocol","tag-roman-empire","tag-roman-law","tag-school","tag-seal","tag-will","tag-witness","has_thumb"],"yoast_head":"<!-- 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