{"id":9804,"date":"2022-04-17T18:48:23","date_gmt":"2022-04-18T00:48:23","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/abclegaldocs.com\/blog-Colorado-Notary\/?p=9804"},"modified":"2022-04-22T10:22:40","modified_gmt":"2022-04-22T16:22:40","slug":"copyright-fair-use-doctrine","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.abclegaldocs.com\/blog-Colorado-Notary\/copyright-fair-use-doctrine\/","title":{"rendered":"Copyright Fair Use Doctrine"},"content":{"rendered":"<div id=\"ez-toc-container\" class=\"ez-toc-v2_0_85 counter-hierarchy ez-toc-counter ez-toc-transparent ez-toc-container-direction\">\n<div class=\"ez-toc-title-container\">\n<p class=\"ez-toc-title\" style=\"cursor:inherit\">Table of Contents<\/p>\n<span class=\"ez-toc-title-toggle\"><\/span><\/div>\n<nav><ul class='ez-toc-list ez-toc-list-level-1 ' ><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-1\" href=\"https:\/\/www.abclegaldocs.com\/blog-Colorado-Notary\/copyright-fair-use-doctrine\/#Copyright_Fair_Use_Doctrine\" >Copyright Fair Use Doctrine<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-2\" href=\"https:\/\/www.abclegaldocs.com\/blog-Colorado-Notary\/copyright-fair-use-doctrine\/#10_US_Constitution_Patent_and_Copyright_Clause\" >1.0 U.S. Constitution Patent and Copyright Clause<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-3\" href=\"https:\/\/www.abclegaldocs.com\/blog-Colorado-Notary\/copyright-fair-use-doctrine\/#20_Copyright_Protections\" >2.0 Copyright Protections<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-4\" href=\"https:\/\/www.abclegaldocs.com\/blog-Colorado-Notary\/copyright-fair-use-doctrine\/#30_Fair_Use_Factors\" >3.0 Fair Use Factors<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-5\" href=\"https:\/\/www.abclegaldocs.com\/blog-Colorado-Notary\/copyright-fair-use-doctrine\/#31_Amount_and_Substantiality_of_Content_Used\" >3.1 Amount and Substantiality of Content Used<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-6\" href=\"https:\/\/www.abclegaldocs.com\/blog-Colorado-Notary\/copyright-fair-use-doctrine\/#32_Purpose_and_Character_of_Content_Used\" >3.2 Purpose and Character of Content Used<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-4' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-7\" href=\"https:\/\/www.abclegaldocs.com\/blog-Colorado-Notary\/copyright-fair-use-doctrine\/#321_Using_Images_for_a_Different_Purpose\" >3.2.1 Using Images for a Different Purpose<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-8\" href=\"https:\/\/www.abclegaldocs.com\/blog-Colorado-Notary\/copyright-fair-use-doctrine\/#33_Nature_of_Content_of_the_Original_Work\" >3.3 Nature of Content of the Original Work<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-9\" href=\"https:\/\/www.abclegaldocs.com\/blog-Colorado-Notary\/copyright-fair-use-doctrine\/#34_Effect_of_Content_on_the_Original_Market\" >3.4 Effect of Content on the Original Market<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-10\" href=\"https:\/\/www.abclegaldocs.com\/blog-Colorado-Notary\/copyright-fair-use-doctrine\/#40_Williams_Wilkins_v_United_States_Supreme_Court_Fair_Use_Case_1973\" >4.0 Williams &amp; Wilkins v. United States, Supreme Court Fair Use Case, 1973<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-11\" href=\"https:\/\/www.abclegaldocs.com\/blog-Colorado-Notary\/copyright-fair-use-doctrine\/#50_Public_Domain\" >5.0 Public Domain<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-12\" href=\"https:\/\/www.abclegaldocs.com\/blog-Colorado-Notary\/copyright-fair-use-doctrine\/#60_Requesting_Permission_from_the_Copyright_Owner\" >6.0 Requesting Permission from the Copyright Owner<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-13\" href=\"https:\/\/www.abclegaldocs.com\/blog-Colorado-Notary\/copyright-fair-use-doctrine\/#70_Attribution_Citation\" >7.0 Attribution, Citation<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-14\" href=\"https:\/\/www.abclegaldocs.com\/blog-Colorado-Notary\/copyright-fair-use-doctrine\/#80_Fair_Use_Court_Decisions\" >8.0 Fair Use Court Decisions<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-15\" href=\"https:\/\/www.abclegaldocs.com\/blog-Colorado-Notary\/copyright-fair-use-doctrine\/#90_Fair_Use_Guidelines_are_Not_Law\" >9.0 Fair Use Guidelines are Not Law<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-16\" href=\"https:\/\/www.abclegaldocs.com\/blog-Colorado-Notary\/copyright-fair-use-doctrine\/#100_Learn_More_About_Copyright\" >10.0 Learn More About Copyright<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/nav><\/div>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Copyright_Fair_Use_Doctrine\"><\/span><img decoding=\"async\"  class=\"size-full wp-image-9814 alignleft\" src=\"data:image\/gif,GIF89a%01%00%01%00%80%00%00%00%00%00%FF%FF%FF%21%F9%04%01%00%00%00%00%2C%00%00%00%00%01%00%01%00%00%02%01D%00%3B\" data-layzr=\"https:\/\/abclegaldocs.com\/blog-Colorado-Notary\/wp-content\/uploads\/Copyright-Fair-Use-Doctrine-320x200-2.jpg\" alt=\"Copyright Fair Use Doctrine\" width=\"321\" height=\"201\" \/>Copyright Fair Use Doctrine<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p>The <strong>Fair Use Doctrine<\/strong> of U.S. <strong>Copyright<\/strong> law is codified in U.S. Code Title 17, Section 107 of the 1976 Copyright Act.<\/p>\n<p>It permits the use of copyrighted works without <strong>copyright infringement<\/strong> in certain cases and situations where no advance <strong>permission<\/strong> from the copyright owner of the work is required.<\/p>\n<p>Usually, copyright law Section 106 includes the <strong>exclusive rights<\/strong> to <strong>copy<\/strong> a work, to make a <strong>derivative work<\/strong>, to <strong>distribute<\/strong> copies to the public, to <strong>perform<\/strong> a work in public, to <strong>display<\/strong> a work in public, and to <strong>broadcast<\/strong> (stream) sound recordings by <strong>digital audio transmission<\/strong>. These are the rights included when you see the familiar &#8220;<strong>All Rights Reserved<\/strong>&#8221; copyright notice.<\/p>\n<p>But, Section 106 also states that these rights are subject to the limitations and <strong>exceptions<\/strong> described in Sections 107 through 122, which include Fair Use rights.<\/p>\n<p>Distribution includes selling, renting, lending, leasing, licensing, giving, and sharing.<\/p>\n<p><!--more--><\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"10_US_Constitution_Patent_and_Copyright_Clause\"><\/span>1.0 U.S. Constitution Patent and Copyright Clause<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p>Article I, Section 8, Clause 8 [The Congress shall have power] \u201cTo promote the <strong>progress of science and useful arts<\/strong>, by securing for limited times to authors and inventors the exclusive right to their respective writings and discoveries.\u201d<\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"20_Copyright_Protections\"><\/span>2.0 Copyright Protections<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\"  class=\"size-full wp-image-9825 alignleft\" src=\"data:image\/gif,GIF89a%01%00%01%00%80%00%00%00%00%00%FF%FF%FF%21%F9%04%01%00%00%00%00%2C%00%00%00%00%01%00%01%00%00%02%01D%00%3B\" data-layzr=\"https:\/\/abclegaldocs.com\/blog-Colorado-Notary\/wp-content\/uploads\/Copyright-Basics-Circular-1.jpg\" alt=\"Copyright Basics Circular 1\" width=\"120\" height=\"100\" \/>Copyright exists automatically in an <strong>original work<\/strong> of authorship once it is fixed in a tangible medium. A copyright notice was required for works published in the United States before March 1, 1989. It is no longer required but is recommended as reasonable notice.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Copyright notice<\/strong> consists of the <strong>copyright symbol \u00a9<\/strong> or the word Copyright, the <strong>year of first publication<\/strong>, and the <strong>name of the copyright owner<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<p>For example: <strong>\u00a9 Copyright 2022 Company Name.\u00a0 All rights reserved.<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Copyright does not protect <strong>facts<\/strong>, ideas, systems, or methods of operation, although it may protect the way these things are expressed.<\/p>\n<p>Usually, copyright law requires a user to get <strong>permission<\/strong> or a <strong>license<\/strong> from the creator of the protected work. But, the Fair Use Doctrine permits the use of copyrighted work without permission if several conditions are met, as listed in federal copyright law and interpreted by the courts.<\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"30_Fair_Use_Factors\"><\/span>3.0 Fair Use Factors<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\"  class=\"size-full wp-image-9826 alignleft\" src=\"data:image\/gif,GIF89a%01%00%01%00%80%00%00%00%00%00%FF%FF%FF%21%F9%04%01%00%00%00%00%2C%00%00%00%00%01%00%01%00%00%02%01D%00%3B\" data-layzr=\"https:\/\/abclegaldocs.com\/blog-Colorado-Notary\/wp-content\/uploads\/Copyright-Fair-Use-yellow-oval.jpg\" alt=\"Copyright Fair Use yellow oval\" width=\"150\" height=\"100\" \/>The Fair Use law considers four factors: <strong>amount<\/strong>, <strong>purpose<\/strong>, <strong>nature<\/strong>, and <strong>effect<\/strong>. Each factor is analyzed and weighed separately on a case-by-case factual basis by a federal court.\u00a0 A review of court cases indicates that amount, purpose, and effect are often given more weight than nature.<\/p>\n<p>Fair Use is more acceptable for use in <strong>teaching<\/strong>, <strong>education<\/strong>, <strong>research<\/strong>, <strong>scholarship<\/strong>, <strong>criticism<\/strong>, <strong>commenting<\/strong>, <strong>news reporting<\/strong>, <strong>comedy<\/strong>, or <strong>parody<\/strong>, that serves the <strong>public interest<\/strong>, not when used for <strong>commercial profit<\/strong> to the detriment of the creator.<\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"31_Amount_and_Substantiality_of_Content_Used\"><\/span>3.1 Amount and Substantiality of Content Used<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\"  class=\"size-full wp-image-9827 alignleft\" src=\"data:image\/gif,GIF89a%01%00%01%00%80%00%00%00%00%00%FF%FF%FF%21%F9%04%01%00%00%00%00%2C%00%00%00%00%01%00%01%00%00%02%01D%00%3B\" data-layzr=\"https:\/\/abclegaldocs.com\/blog-Colorado-Notary\/wp-content\/uploads\/Copyright-Fair-Use-Amount.jpg\" alt=\"Copyright Fair Use Amount\" width=\"90\" height=\"28\" \/>Normally, only a <strong>small amount<\/strong> or <strong>proportion<\/strong> of the work may be used, such as a brief excerpt or quotation from a text or a sample audio-video clip, but not the entire work.<\/p>\n<p>But, <strong>substantiality<\/strong> is also an important consideration. If the small portion used is the <strong>heart<\/strong>, most important, primary, or <strong>most creative part<\/strong> of the whole creative work, it has more importance or <strong>value<\/strong> than an <strong>unsubstantial<\/strong> less important secondary part.<\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"32_Purpose_and_Character_of_Content_Used\"><\/span>3.2 Purpose and Character of Content Used<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\"  class=\"size-full wp-image-9828 alignleft\" src=\"data:image\/gif,GIF89a%01%00%01%00%80%00%00%00%00%00%FF%FF%FF%21%F9%04%01%00%00%00%00%2C%00%00%00%00%01%00%01%00%00%02%01D%00%3B\" data-layzr=\"https:\/\/abclegaldocs.com\/blog-Colorado-Notary\/wp-content\/uploads\/Copyright-Fair-Use-Purpose.jpg\" alt=\"Copyright Fair Use Purpose\" width=\"90\" height=\"25\" \/>There should be a <strong>new purpose<\/strong> or <strong>new function<\/strong> for the derivative work, adding <strong>transformative value<\/strong> with your own creativity to substantially transform it into a new, different, or further use, repurpose, or a different context, character, or aesthetic design.<\/p>\n<p>The phrase transformative value is found in many Fair Use copyright cases. Doing a <strong>copy and paste<\/strong> of creative work with no changes included does not transform it or add value.\u00a0The new work should do more than simply serve as a <strong>substitute<\/strong> for the original work.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Transformation<\/strong> includes parody, criticism, different purpose, physical modification, creative use, or social benefit. The change should be substantial, not trivial.\u00a0 Physical modification alone is the weakest argument since copyright includes the right to control the making of an obvious derivative work that required little or no creative effort.<\/p>\n<p>The purpose of commercial use is undefined and too vague and has been declining in importance in court rulings, while transformative use has grown in importance.<\/p>\n<h4><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"321_Using_Images_for_a_Different_Purpose\"><\/span>3.2.1 Using Images for a Different Purpose<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n<p>Images should not be used as <strong>decorations<\/strong> for an aesthetic purpose. Small low-resolution <strong>thumbnail images<\/strong>, serve a transformative use as a visual marker, or finding aid, with minimal fine details, compared to full-sized high-resolution images that reveal many fine details, and are primarily created for their pleasing aesthetic or emotional value.<\/p>\n<p>A small <strong>relevant<\/strong> image that is used as a simple visual learning aid or reference to <strong>illustrate<\/strong> the substantial accompanying <strong>fact-based<\/strong> text is more likely to be Fair Use.<\/p>\n<p>Courts have found that including images in publications is Fair Use, even if a licensing mechanism exists for the images, and the publications are commercial in nature.<\/p>\n<p>A thumbnail image may also be used as a <strong>clickable link<\/strong> to the original creative work on another website, increasing its traffic and potential sales.<\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"33_Nature_of_Content_of_the_Original_Work\"><\/span>3.3 Nature of Content of the Original Work<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\"  class=\"size-full wp-image-9829 alignleft\" src=\"data:image\/gif,GIF89a%01%00%01%00%80%00%00%00%00%00%FF%FF%FF%21%F9%04%01%00%00%00%00%2C%00%00%00%00%01%00%01%00%00%02%01D%00%3B\" data-layzr=\"https:\/\/abclegaldocs.com\/blog-Colorado-Notary\/wp-content\/uploads\/Copyright-Fair-Use-Nature.jpg\" alt=\"Copyright Fair Use Nature\" width=\"75\" height=\"23\" \/>Factual and technical works of <strong>nonfiction<\/strong> or based on <strong>facts<\/strong> are easier to claim for Fair Use because there is less creative work done by the preparer in organizing and presenting factual information.<\/p>\n<p>Factual works, news events, and historic events are not very creative. Facts are not made up by creative thinking. Facts are gathered, organized, and reported.<\/p>\n<p>Creative or <strong>fictional<\/strong> works such as novels, movies, songs, and artwork, are <strong>riskier<\/strong> to use under the Fair Use Doctrine because they are produced by investing time and effort in <strong>creativity<\/strong> and imagination, not reporting facts.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Publication<\/strong> is not necessary for copyright protection. Use of <strong>unpublished work<\/strong> is less likely to be considered Fair Use because the creator may wish to keep the work unpublished until a planned later release date.<\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"34_Effect_of_Content_on_the_Original_Market\"><\/span>3.4 Effect of Content on the Original Market<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\"  class=\"size-full wp-image-9830 alignleft\" src=\"data:image\/gif,GIF89a%01%00%01%00%80%00%00%00%00%00%FF%FF%FF%21%F9%04%01%00%00%00%00%2C%00%00%00%00%01%00%01%00%00%02%01D%00%3B\" data-layzr=\"https:\/\/abclegaldocs.com\/blog-Colorado-Notary\/wp-content\/uploads\/Copyright-Fair-Use-Effect.jpg\" alt=\"Copyright Fair Use Effect\" width=\"67\" height=\"24\" \/>The new work should have <strong>no significant effect<\/strong> on the current or future <strong>market value<\/strong> or <strong>sales<\/strong> of the existing work. If the new work is in <strong>market competition<\/strong> with the original work, it might divert, detract, or undermine <strong>sales revenue<\/strong> to the creator.<\/p>\n<p>But, if the new work is only a small sample or of lower quality than the original work, it may <strong>increase awareness<\/strong>, demand, and sales of the original work by including an <strong>attribution, citation<\/strong>, mention, recommendation, or <strong>web link<\/strong>, benefitting the creator.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Nonprofit <\/strong>or not-for-profit use with <strong>no monetization<\/strong> of the new work, including accepting <strong>tips<\/strong>, is a more Fair Use than <strong>for-profit use<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<p>Fair Use is more likely when the work is out of print, no longer available, no license is available for your type of use, or the copyright owner cannot be identified to seek permission.\u00a0 Fair Use is less likely when there is a license or permission available but you are trying to avoid paying the license fee.<\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"40_Williams_Wilkins_v_United_States_Supreme_Court_Fair_Use_Case_1973\"><\/span>4.0 Williams &amp; Wilkins v. United States, Supreme Court Fair Use Case, 1973<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\"  class=\"size-full wp-image-9831 alignleft\" src=\"data:image\/gif,GIF89a%01%00%01%00%80%00%00%00%00%00%FF%FF%FF%21%F9%04%01%00%00%00%00%2C%00%00%00%00%01%00%01%00%00%02%01D%00%3B\" data-layzr=\"https:\/\/abclegaldocs.com\/blog-Colorado-Notary\/wp-content\/uploads\/scale-of-justice.jpg\" alt=\"scale of justice\" width=\"100\" height=\"100\" \/>Fair Use is not always obvious to predict or determine.\u00a0In 1973, in the <strong>Williams &amp; Wilkins Company<\/strong> case, the <strong>Supreme Court<\/strong> ruled that copying and distributing entire <strong>medical journal articles<\/strong> for free to nonprofit government research libraries was a Fair Use under the Copyright Act of 1909.<\/p>\n<p>The benefit to the <strong>public interest<\/strong> outweighed the <strong>minor financial harm<\/strong> caused to the medical publisher due to a decline in sales of its medical journal. Evidence presented demonstrated that it would cause <strong>serious harm<\/strong> to medical and scientific <strong>research<\/strong> if the practice was held unlawful. The case was dismissed.<\/p>\n<p>Copyright is <strong>primarily for the benefit of the public<\/strong>, not primarily for the benefit of the creator.\u00a0The court weighs the greater fundamental purpose of copyright to promote the <strong>progress<\/strong> of art, science, and industry for public benefit against the copyright owner&#8217;s right to reap financial benefit from the creative work.<\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"50_Public_Domain\"><\/span>5.0 Public Domain<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p>Content that is in the <strong>Public Domain<\/strong> is not copyrighted and may be used for any purpose without requesting permission from the creator. Generally, works created on or after January 1, 1978, automatically enter the public domain <strong>70 years<\/strong> after all its authors have died.<\/p>\n<p>Under Section 105, content produced by <strong>U.S. government<\/strong> employees on the job is also public domain. State and local government materials do not fall under this rule and may be copyrighted.<\/p>\n<p>The law prohibits the copyright of <strong>facts<\/strong> of all kinds, even if the facts were found by skill and effort.<\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"60_Requesting_Permission_from_the_Copyright_Owner\"><\/span>6.0 Requesting Permission from the Copyright Owner<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\"  class=\"size-full wp-image-9832 alignleft\" src=\"data:image\/gif,GIF89a%01%00%01%00%80%00%00%00%00%00%FF%FF%FF%21%F9%04%01%00%00%00%00%2C%00%00%00%00%01%00%01%00%00%02%01D%00%3B\" data-layzr=\"https:\/\/abclegaldocs.com\/blog-Colorado-Notary\/wp-content\/uploads\/permission-granted-not-required.jpg\" alt=\"permission granted not required\" width=\"120\" height=\"70\" \/>Many creators are readily willing to grant <strong>permission<\/strong> to use their copyrighted work upon <strong>written request<\/strong>\u00a0if there is no negative effect. They may simply require a <strong>citation<\/strong> or <strong>attribution<\/strong> giving credit to the copyright owner, with no <strong>licensing fee<\/strong> required.<\/p>\n<p>Check the source website for instructions about requesting permission and a form. Keep your submitted request letter and the received reply in your records for <strong>evidence<\/strong>. If there is no form available, you can find a sample permission request letter on a university website.<\/p>\n<p>Or, look for <strong>Creative Commons<\/strong> content that includes a license that allows use with proper attribution.<\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"70_Attribution_Citation\"><\/span>7.0 Attribution, Citation<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p><strong>Ethically<\/strong>, it is <strong>good practice<\/strong> and <strong>courtesy<\/strong> to acknowledge the original creator by including an attribution or citation but it is <strong>not required<\/strong> by the Fair Use law.\u00a0 Giving attribution alone does not create a shield from copyright infringement.<\/p>\n<p>Citations also <strong>validate<\/strong> your work by showing the location, quality, and expertise of the sources used in your research. They let readers know where they can do further reading or research to form their own opinions and evaluate your contribution to the <strong>subject matter<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<p>You can use a free online <strong>citation generator tool<\/strong> that follows the <strong>Chicago Manual of Style (CMOS)<\/strong> guidelines to create citations in the proper format quickly from the data you enter.\u00a0Citations may be added as footnotes, endnotes, or in a bibliography.<\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"80_Fair_Use_Court_Decisions\"><\/span>8.0 Fair Use Court Decisions<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\"  class=\"size-full wp-image-9831 alignleft\" src=\"data:image\/gif,GIF89a%01%00%01%00%80%00%00%00%00%00%FF%FF%FF%21%F9%04%01%00%00%00%00%2C%00%00%00%00%01%00%01%00%00%02%01D%00%3B\" data-layzr=\"https:\/\/abclegaldocs.com\/blog-Colorado-Notary\/wp-content\/uploads\/scale-of-justice.jpg\" alt=\"scale of justice\" width=\"100\" height=\"100\" \/>The U.S. Copyright Office website includes a searchable <strong>Fair Use Index database<\/strong> with a broad selection of <strong>judicial decisions<\/strong>, not all cases, for <strong>legal research<\/strong> and learning.\u00a0\u00a0My analysis of the listed Fair Use cases at the time of this writing showed the following results (see table), which are not necessarily typical results.<\/p>\n<p>It appears that either party in a Fair Use dispute has a 40% to 60% chance of winning a federal court ruling in their favor. Minor disputes are settled outside of court with an informal email message, a formal <strong>cease and desist letter<\/strong>\u00a0or a <span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.abclegaldocs.com\/blog-Colorado-Notary\/wp-content\/uploads\/DMCA-Takedown-Notice-fillable.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><strong>Digital Millenium Copyright Act<\/strong> (<strong>DMCA) takedown notice<\/strong><\/a><\/span>.<\/p>\n<p>This avoids the time, expense, risk, and publicity when there is only a 50% chance of winning a copyright Fair Use claim. Taking a copyright case through a court trial may cost hundreds of thousands of dollars, with no guarantee of a favorable result.<\/p>\n<table style=\"border-collapse: collapse; width: 24.9351%; height: 220px;\">\n<tbody>\n<tr style=\"height: 22px;\">\n<td style=\"width: 12.3995%; height: 22px; text-align: center;\"><span style=\"background-color: #ccffcc;\"><strong>U.S. Copyright Fair Use Index Cases<\/strong><\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 6.24247%; height: 22px; text-align: center;\" colspan=\"2\"><span style=\"background-color: #ccffcc;\"><strong>Fair Use Found?<\/strong><\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 22px;\">\n<td style=\"width: 12.3995%; height: 22px; text-align: center;\"><span style=\"background-color: #ffff99;\"><strong>Case Category<\/strong><\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 6.24247%; height: 22px; text-align: center;\"><span style=\"background-color: #ffff99;\"><strong>YES<\/strong><\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 6.29376%; height: 22px; text-align: center;\"><span style=\"background-color: #ffff99;\"><strong>NO<\/strong><\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 22px;\">\n<td style=\"width: 12.3995%; height: 22px; text-align: center;\"><strong>painting\/drawing\/graphic<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 6.24247%; height: 22px; text-align: center;\"><strong>61%<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 6.29376%; height: 22px; text-align: center;\"><strong>39%<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 22px;\">\n<td style=\"width: 12.3995%; height: 22px; text-align: center;\"><strong>review\/comment<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 6.24247%; height: 22px; text-align: center;\"><strong>58%<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 6.29376%; height: 22px; text-align: center;\"><strong>42%<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 22px;\">\n<td style=\"width: 12.3995%; height: 22px; text-align: center;\"><strong>education<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 6.24247%; height: 22px; text-align: center;\"><strong>55%<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 6.29376%; height: 22px; text-align: center;\"><strong>45%<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 22px;\">\n<td style=\"width: 12.3995%; height: 22px; text-align: center;\"><strong>textual work<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 6.24247%; height: 22px; text-align: center;\"><strong>51%<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 6.29376%; height: 22px; text-align: center;\"><strong>49%<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 22px;\">\n<td style=\"width: 12.3995%; height: 22px; text-align: center;\"><strong>photo<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 6.24247%; height: 22px; text-align: center;\"><strong>47%<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 6.29376%; height: 22px; text-align: center;\"><strong>53%<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 22px;\">\n<td style=\"width: 12.3995%; height: 22px; text-align: center;\"><strong>news<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 6.24247%; height: 22px; text-align: center;\"><strong>41%<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 6.29376%; height: 22px; text-align: center;\"><strong>59%<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 22px;\">\n<td style=\"width: 12.3995%; height: 22px; text-align: center;\"><strong>internet\/digitization<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 6.24247%; height: 22px; text-align: center;\"><strong>39%<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 6.29376%; height: 22px; text-align: center;\"><strong>61%<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"90_Fair_Use_Guidelines_are_Not_Law\"><\/span>9.0 Fair Use Guidelines are Not Law<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p>Following <strong>Fair Use guidelines<\/strong> may reduce the risk of violating the copyright law, but it does not provide a guaranteed <strong>safe harbor<\/strong> because much of Fair Use is subject to <strong>interpretation<\/strong> on a <strong>case-by-case basis<\/strong> by federal courts. Even in court cases, the judges do not agree unanimously, and different court circuits weigh Fair Use factors differently.<\/p>\n<p>It is important to act <strong>ethically<\/strong>, in <strong>good faith<\/strong>, follow <strong>best practices<\/strong>, include <strong>attributions<\/strong>\u00a0and <strong>citations<\/strong>, display your claim of Fair Use when it is employed, and <strong>keep notes<\/strong> showing your rationale for invoking Fair Use.<\/p>\n<p>Your business records can show that you used <strong>reasonable care<\/strong> to decide that your actions were based on <strong>reasonable grounds<\/strong> for relying on the Fair Use exception, not willful copyright infringement or fraudulent intent.<\/p>\n<p>This <strong>evidence<\/strong> may be useful to <strong>deter litigation<\/strong> or to present in court if needed.\u00a0 If you lose a case, your records may greatly reduce the <strong>statutory damages<\/strong> awarded by the court.\u00a0 See the free <span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/copyright.columbia.edu\/content\/dam\/copyright\/Precedent%20Docs\/fairusechecklist.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Fair Use Checklist<\/a><\/strong><\/span> form from the <strong>Copyright Advisory Office<\/strong> at <strong>Columbia University Libraries<\/strong> to generate a PDF record of your evaluation.<\/p>\n<p>Where applicable, <strong>access restrictions<\/strong> to certain content, including <strong>passwords<\/strong>\u00a0and <strong>country blocking<\/strong>, may show evidence of good faith by reducing a large public audience to a small restricted audience.<\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"100_Learn_More_About_Copyright\"><\/span>10.0 Learn More About Copyright<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\"  class=\"size-full wp-image-9833 alignleft\" src=\"data:image\/gif,GIF89a%01%00%01%00%80%00%00%00%00%00%FF%FF%FF%21%F9%04%01%00%00%00%00%2C%00%00%00%00%01%00%01%00%00%02%01D%00%3B\" data-layzr=\"https:\/\/abclegaldocs.com\/blog-Colorado-Notary\/wp-content\/uploads\/school-bus-clip-art-black-and-white.jpg\" alt=\"school bus clip art black and white\" width=\"180\" height=\"100\" \/>To learn more, a good starting point is to read the <strong>U.S. Copyright Law<\/strong> to become familiar with the relevant sections for your situation.<\/p>\n<p>Even a <strong>blogger<\/strong>, freelance writer, newsletter publisher, group forum moderator, or <strong>small business<\/strong> can do some reading without needing in-house <strong>legal counsel<\/strong> or a <strong>copyright compliance officer<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Copyright registration<\/strong> and transfer records created after December 31, 1977, can be searched online at the <span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/cocatalog.loc.gov\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Copyright Office\u2019s catalog<\/a><\/strong><\/span>.<\/p>\n<p>The reference list below includes documents and videos about copyright law and Fair Use.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Disclaimer: I am not an attorney. This article and other articles describing Fair Use guidelines are not law and should not be used as legal advice or legal opinion.<br \/>\n<\/strong><strong>Consult with an experienced copyright attorney for answers to questions and legal advice regarding copyright law and the Fair Use Doctrine.<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>Image Credits<br \/>\n<\/strong>All images were created by the author or are in the Public Domain.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Reference List<\/strong><br \/>\nItems 1-6 are Government Publications in the Public Domain<br \/>\n1. Copyright Basics, Circular 1, revised 09\/2021\u00a0 <span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.copyright.gov\/circs\/circ01.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/www.copyright.gov\/circs\/circ01.pdf<\/a><\/strong><\/span><br \/>\n2. How to Obtain Permission, Circular 16A, revised 03\/2021\u00a0 <span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.copyright.gov\/circs\/circ16a.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/www.copyright.gov\/circs\/circ16a.pdf<\/a><\/strong><\/span><br \/>\n3. Copyright Registration of Websites and Website Content, Circular 66, revised 03\/2021\u00a0 <span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.copyright.gov\/circs\/circ66.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/www.copyright.gov\/circs\/circ66.pdf<\/a><\/strong><\/span><br \/>\n4. Copyright Law of the United States (Title 17)\u00a0 <span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.copyright.gov\/title17\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/www.copyright.gov\/title17\/<\/a><\/strong><\/span><br \/>\n5. U.S. Copyright Office Fair Use Index, About Fair Use, U.S. Copyright Office\u00a0 <span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.copyright.gov\/fair-use\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/www.copyright.gov\/fair-use\/<\/a><\/strong><\/span><br \/>\n6. Video, 3 min, Fair Use, 2019, U.S. Copyright Office\u00a0 <span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=IFhF_tHrj4s\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=IFhF_tHrj4s<\/a><\/strong><\/span><br \/>\n7. Video, 40 min, Lecture 9.1 History of Fair Use, 2013, CopyrightX lecture series, Professor William Fisher, Harvard Law School\u00a0 <span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=KV8dj-7WA4o\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=KV8dj-7WA4o<\/a><br \/>\n<\/strong><\/span>8. Video, 44 min, Lecture 9.2 Fair Use Today, 2013, CopyrightX lecture series, Professor William Fisher, Harvard Law School\u00a0 <span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=Z9q6JA6f5Co\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=Z9q6JA6f5Co<\/a><\/strong><strong><br \/>\n<\/strong><\/span>9. Video, 15 min, Lecture 9.3 Fair Use: Other Approaches, 2013, CopyrightX lecture series, Professor William Fisher, Harvard Law School\u00a0 <span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=RE-vfJAFt-k\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=RE-vfJAFt-k<\/a><\/strong><strong><br \/>\n<\/strong><\/span>10. Video, 78 min, ACRL Presents: The Fair Use Factors Their History and Application, 2016, Copyright Attorney Ana Enriquez\u00a0 <span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=kPEWcBVBOq4\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=kPEWcBVBOq4<\/a><br \/>\n<\/strong><\/span>11. Statement on the Fair Use of Images for Teaching, Research, and Study, Visual Resources Association (VRA), 2013\u00a0 <span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/cmsimpact.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/01\/vra_fairuse_statement.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/cmsimpact.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/01\/vra_fairuse_statement.pdf<\/a><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p>Visit our website for\u00a0<strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.abclegaldocs.com\/blog-Colorado-Notary\/mobile-notary\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" data-slimstat-async=\"false\" data-slimstat-callback=\"true\" data-slimstat-tracking=\"true\" data-slimstat-type=\"2\" data-slimstat-clicked=\"false\" data-slimstat=\"5\">Colorado Springs Mobile Notary<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0services or\u00a0<strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.abclegaldocs.com\/blog-Colorado-Notary\/colorado-notary-training\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" data-slimstat-async=\"false\" data-slimstat-callback=\"true\" data-slimstat-tracking=\"true\" data-slimstat-type=\"2\" data-slimstat-clicked=\"false\" data-slimstat=\"5\">Colorado Notary Training<\/a>\u00a0<\/strong>classes.<\/p>\n<p>\u00a9 Copyright 2022\u00a0 ABC Legal Docs, LLC\u00a0 All rights reserved.\u00a0 Do not copy.\u00a0 Citations welcome.\u00a0 Terms of Use apply.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Copyright Fair Use Doctrine The Fair Use Doctrine of U.S. Copyright law is codified in U.S. Code Title 17, Section 107 of the 1976 Copyright Act. It permits the use of copyrighted works without copyright infringement in certain cases and situations where no advance permission from the copyright owner of the work is required. Usually, copyright law Section 106 includes the exclusive rights to copy a work, to make a derivative work, to distribute copies to the public, to perform a work in public, to display a work in public, and to broadcast (stream) sound recordings by digital audio transmission. <\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":9814,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"_jetpack_feature_clip_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":"","jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false},"categories":[1148,1117,1099],"tags":[3198,3207,1968,1353,1487,3201,3208,2576,3200,3196,3203,1082,965,3199,3204,1042,2661,263,3205,3206,3197,496,3209,3202],"class_list":["post-9804","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-blogging-tips","category-court-cases","category-federal-law","tag-amount","tag-attribution","tag-citation","tag-copyright","tag-creator","tag-derivative","tag-dmca","tag-doctrine","tag-effect","tag-fair-use","tag-fiction","tag-infringement","tag-license","tag-nature","tag-nonfiction","tag-notice","tag-permission","tag-protection","tag-public-benefit","tag-public-domain","tag-publication","tag-purpose","tag-registration","tag-transformative","has_thumb"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v28.1 - 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George Washington had fourteen handwritten copies of the Bill of Rights made, one for\u2026","rel":"","context":"In &quot;Constitution&quot;","block_context":{"text":"Constitution","link":"https:\/\/www.abclegaldocs.com\/blog-Colorado-Notary\/category\/constitution\/"},"img":{"alt_text":"US flag 13 stars","src":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/abclegaldocs.com\/blog-Colorado-Notary\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/07\/US_flag_13_stars-300x157.png?resize=350%2C200&ssl=1","width":350,"height":200},"classes":[]},{"id":153,"url":"https:\/\/www.abclegaldocs.com\/blog-Colorado-Notary\/best-practices-notary-public-code-of-professional-responsibility\/","url_meta":{"origin":9804,"position":5},"title":"Best Practices, Notary Public Code of Professional Responsibility","author":"Jerry Lucas","date":"November 28, 2013","format":false,"excerpt":"Best Practices, Notary Public Code of Professional Responsibility In addition to following notary laws, a professional notary should also follow widely accepted industry best practices\u00a0and ethics We recommend that notaries follow these guiding principles: (originally published by the National Notary Association (NNA) and the American Society of Notaries (ASN)) Notary\u2026","rel":"","context":"In &quot;Notary Law&quot;","block_context":{"text":"Notary Law","link":"https:\/\/www.abclegaldocs.com\/blog-Colorado-Notary\/category\/notary-law\/"},"img":{"alt_text":"notary best practices","src":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/abclegaldocs.com\/blog-Colorado-Notary\/wp-content\/uploads\/notary-best-practices-320x200.jpg?resize=350%2C200&ssl=1","width":350,"height":200},"classes":[]}],"jetpack_likes_enabled":false,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.abclegaldocs.com\/blog-Colorado-Notary\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/9804","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.abclegaldocs.com\/blog-Colorado-Notary\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.abclegaldocs.com\/blog-Colorado-Notary\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.abclegaldocs.com\/blog-Colorado-Notary\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.abclegaldocs.com\/blog-Colorado-Notary\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=9804"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/www.abclegaldocs.com\/blog-Colorado-Notary\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/9804\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":9845,"href":"https:\/\/www.abclegaldocs.com\/blog-Colorado-Notary\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/9804\/revisions\/9845"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.abclegaldocs.com\/blog-Colorado-Notary\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/9814"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.abclegaldocs.com\/blog-Colorado-Notary\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=9804"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.abclegaldocs.com\/blog-Colorado-Notary\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=9804"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.abclegaldocs.com\/blog-Colorado-Notary\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=9804"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}